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<title>Open-source robotics</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Open-source robotics</span></span>

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<p><b>Open-source robotics</b> is a branch of <a href="Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a> where robots are developed with <a href="Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">open-source hardware</a> and <a href="Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a>, publicly sharing <a href="Blueprint" title="Blueprint">blueprints</a>, <a href="Schematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Schematics">schematics</a>, and <a href="Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>. It is thus closely related to the <a href="Open_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Open design">open design</a> movement, the <a href="Maker_culture" title="Maker culture">maker movement</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Open_science" title="Open science">open science</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Requirements">Requirements</h2></div>

<p>Open source robotics means that information about the hardware is easily discerned, so that others can easily rebuild it. In turn, this requires design to use only easily available <a href="Standardization" title="Standardization">standard</a> subcomponents and tools, and for the build process to be documented in detail including a <a href="Bill_of_materials" title="Bill of materials">bill of materials</a> and detailed ('Ikea style') step-by-step building and testing instructions. (A CAD file alone is not sufficient, as it does not show the steps for performing or testing the build). These requirements are standard to <a href="Open_source_hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source hardware">open source hardware</a> in general, and are formalised by various licences, certifications, especially those defined by the peer-reviewed journals <a href="Journal_of_Open_Hardware" title="Journal of Open Hardware">Journal of Open Hardware</a> and <a href="HardwareX" title="HardwareX">HardwareX</a>.

</p><p>Licensing requirements for software are the same as for any <a href="Open_source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source software">open source software</a>. But in addition, for software components to be of practical use in real robot systems, they need to be compatible with other software, usually as defined by some <a href="Robotics_middleware" title="Robotics middleware">robotics middleware</a> community standard.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware_systems">Hardware systems</h2></div>

<p>Applications to date include:

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<ul><li>Robot arms, e.g. PARA<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Thor<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Wheeled mobile robots. e.g. OpenScout<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Legged_robot#Four-legged" title="Legged robot">Four-legged robots</a> such as the Open Dynamic Robot Initiative<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>UAV quadcopters (drones) such as Agilicious<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Humanoid robots, e.g. <a href="ICub" title="ICub">iCub</a>, Berkeley Humanoid Lite<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">Self-driving cars</a>, e.g. OpenPodcar<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (→ <a href="Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Robot_fish" title="Robot fish">Robot fish</a>, eg. OpenFish<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Laboratory_robotics#Applications" title="Laboratory robotics">Laboratory robotics</a> such as chemical liquid handling <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Vertical farming<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Swarm robots, e.g. HeRoSwarm<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Domestic tasks: <a href="Robotic_vacuum_cleaner#Open-source_designs" title="Robotic vacuum cleaner">vacuum cleaning</a>, <a href="Scooba_(brand)" title="Scooba (brand)">floor washing</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and grass mowing<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Robot sports including <a href="Robot_combat" title="Robot combat">robot combat</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Autonomous_racing" title="Autonomous racing">autonomous racing</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Education<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware_subcomponents">Hardware subcomponents</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="List_of_open-source_hardware_projects#Robotics" title="List of open-source hardware projects">List of open-source robotics hardware</a></div>

<p>Most <a href="Open_source_hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source hardware">open source hardware</a> definitions allow non-open subcomponents to be used in <a href="Modular_design" title="Modular design">modular design</a>, as long as they are easily available. However many designs try to push openness down into as many subcomponents as possible, with the aim of ultimately reaching fully open designs.

</p><p>Open hardware manual-drive vehicles and their subcomponents, such as from <a href="Open_Source_Ecology" title="Open Source Ecology">Open Source Ecology</a>, are often used as starting points and extended with automation systems.

</p><p>Open subcomponents can include <a href="Open-source_computing_hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source computing hardware">open-source computing hardware</a> as subcomponents, such as <a href="Arduino" title="Arduino">Arduino</a> and <a href="RISC-V" title="RISC-V">RISC-V</a>, as well as open source motors and drivers such as the Open Source Motor Controller and ODrive.

</p><p>Open hardware robotics interface boards<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can simplify interfacing between middleware software and physical hardware.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software_subcomponents">Software subcomponents</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages#Robotics" title="List of free and open-source software packages">List of open-source robotics software</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middleware">Middleware</h3></div>

<p><a href="Robotics_middleware" title="Robotics middleware">Robotics middleware</a> is software which links multiple other software components together. In robotics, this specifically means real-time communication systems with standardized message passing protocols. The predominant open source middleware is <a href="Robot_Operating_System" title="Robot Operating System">ROS2</a>, the robot operating system, now as version 2. Other alternatives include ROS1, YARP — used in the <a href="ICub" title="ICub">iCub</a>, <a href="URBI" title="URBI">URBI</a>, and <a href="Orca" title="Orca">Orca</a>. Open source middleware is usually run on an open source operating system, especially the <a href="Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a> distribution of <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Driver_software">Driver software</h3></div>

<p>Most robot sensors and actuators require software drivers. There is little standardization of open source software at this level, because each hardware device is different. Creating open drivers for closed hardware is difficult as it requires both <a href="Low_level_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Low level programming">low level programming</a> and <a href="Reverse_engineering" title="Reverse engineering">reverse engineering</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simulation_software">Simulation software</h3></div>

<p>Open source robotics simulators include <a href="Gazebo_simulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazebo simulator">Gazebo</a>, <a href="MuJoCo" title="MuJoCo">MuJoCo</a> and <a href="Webots" title="Webots">Webots</a>. Open source 3D game engines such as <a href="Godot_(game_engine)" title="Godot (game engine)">Godot</a> are also sometimes used as simulators, when equipped with suitable middleware interfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automation_software">Automation software</h3></div>

<p>At the level of <a href="AI" class="mw-redirect" title="AI">AI</a>, many standard algorithms have open source software implementations, mostly in <a href="Robot_Operating_System" title="Robot Operating System">ROS2</a>. Major components include:

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<ul><li><a href="Machine_vision" title="Machine vision">Machine vision</a> systems such as the <a href="You_Only_Look_Once" title="You Only Look Once">YOLO</a> object detector.</li>

<li>3D <a href="Photogrammetry" title="Photogrammetry">photogrammetry</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Navigation including <a href="Simultaneous_localization_and_mapping" title="Simultaneous localization and mapping">SLAM</a> and planning such as nav2<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Arm inverse kinematics such as moveIt2<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Community">Community</h2></div>

<p>The first signs of the increasing popularity of building and sharing robot designs were found with the <a href="Maker_culture" title="Maker culture">maker culture</a> community. What began with small competitions for remote operated vehicles (e.g. <a href="Robot_combat" title="Robot combat">Robot combat</a>), soon developed to the building of <a href="Autonomous_telepresence" title="Autonomous telepresence">autonomous telepresence</a> robots such as Sparky and then true robots (being able to take decisions themselves) as the Open Automaton Project. Several commercial companies now also produce kits for making simple robots.

</p><p>The community has adopted <a href="Open_source_hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source hardware">open source hardware</a> licenses, certifications, and peer-reviewed publications, which check that source has been made correctly and permanently available under community definitions, and which validate that this has been done. These processes have become critically important due to many historical projects claiming to be open source but them reverting on the promise due to commercialisation or other pressures.

</p><p>As with other forms of <a href="Open_source_hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source hardware">open source hardware</a>, the community continues to debate precise criteria for 'ease of build'. A common standard is that designs should be buildable by a technical university student, in a few days, using typical <a href="Fablab" class="mw-redirect" title="Fablab">fablab</a> tools, but definitions of all of these subterms can also be debated.

</p><p>Compared to other forms of <a href="Open_source_hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source hardware">open source hardware</a>, open source robotics typically includes a large software element, so involves software as well as hardware engineers. Open source concepts are more established in <a href="Open_source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source software">open source software</a> than hardware, so robotics is a field in which those concepts can be shared and transferred from software to hardware.

</p><p>While the community in open source robotics is multi-faceted with a wide range of backgrounds, a sizable sub-community uses the <a href="Robot_Operating_System" title="Robot Operating System">ROS</a> middleware and meets annually at the ROSCon<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> conference to discuss development of ROS itself and automation components built on it.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><div id="Robotics434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_robotics" title="Outline of robotics">Outline</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_robotics" title="Glossary of robotics">Glossary</a></li>

<li><a href="Index_of_robotics_articles" title="Index of robotics articles">Index</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_robots" title="History of robots">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Geography_of_robotics" title="Geography of robotics">Geography</a></li>

<li><a href="Robot_ethics" title="Robot ethics">Ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Robot_competition" title="Robot competition">Competitions</a></li>

<li><a href="Competitions_and_prizes_in_artificial_intelligence" title="Competitions and prizes in artificial intelligence">AI competitions</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Robot" title="Robot">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aerobot" title="Aerobot">Aerobot</a></li>

<li><a href="Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">Anthropomorphic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Humanoid_robot" title="Humanoid robot">Humanoid</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_(robot)" title="Android (robot)">Android</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyborg" title="Cyborg">Cyborg</a></li>

<li><a href="Gynoid" title="Gynoid">Gynoid</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Claytronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Claytronics">Claytronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Companion_robot" title="Companion robot">Companion</a></li>

<li><a href="Automaton" title="Automaton">Automaton</a>

<ul><li><a href="Animatronics" title="Animatronics">Animatronic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Audio-Animatronics" title="Audio-Animatronics">Audio-Animatronics</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_robot" title="Industrial robot">Industrial</a></li>

<li><a href="Articulated_robot" title="Articulated robot">Articulated</a>

<li><a href="Domestic_robot" title="Domestic robot">Domestic</a></li>

<li><a href="Educational_robotics" title="Educational robotics">Educational</a></li>

<li><a href="Entertainment_robot" title="Entertainment robot">Entertainment</a></li>

<li><a href="Juggling_robot" title="Juggling robot">Juggling</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_robot" title="Military robot">Military</a></li>

<li><a href="Medical_robot" title="Medical robot">Medical</a></li>

<li><a href="Service_robot" title="Service robot">Service</a></li>

<li><a href="Disability_robot" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability robot">Disability</a></li>

<li><a href="Agricultural_robot" title="Agricultural robot">Agricultural</a></li>

<li><a href="Automated_restaurant" title="Automated restaurant">Food service</a></li>

<li><a href="Automated_retail" title="Automated retail">Retail</a></li>

<li><a href="BEAM_robotics" title="BEAM robotics">BEAM robotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Soft_robotics" title="Soft robotics">Soft robotics</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biorobotics" title="Biorobotics">Biorobotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Cloud_robotics" title="Cloud robotics">Cloud robotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Continuum_robot" title="Continuum robot">Continuum robot</a></li>

<li><a href="Unmanned_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmanned vehicle">Unmanned vehicle</a>

<ul><li><a href="Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">aerial</a></li>

<li><a href="Unmanned_ground_vehicle" title="Unmanned ground vehicle">ground</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_robot" title="Mobile robot">Mobile robot</a></li>

<li><a href="Microbotics" title="Microbotics">Microbotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Nanorobotics" title="Nanorobotics">Nanorobotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Necrobotics" title="Necrobotics">Necrobotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a>

<ul><li><a href="Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probe</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Swarm_robotics" title="Swarm robotics">Swarm</a></li>

<li><a href="Telerobotics" title="Telerobotics">Telerobotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Autonomous_underwater_vehicle" title="Autonomous underwater vehicle">Underwater</a>

<ul><li><a href="Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">remotely-operated</a></li>

<li><a href="Robotic_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic fish">Robotic fish</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Robot_locomotion" title="Robot locomotion">Locomotion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Continuous_track" title="Continuous track">Tracks</a></li>

<li><a href="Legged_robot" title="Legged robot">Walking</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hexapod_(robotics)" title="Hexapod (robotics)">Hexapod</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Climber_(BEAM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Climber (BEAM)">Climbing</a></li>

<li><a href="Electric_unicycle" title="Electric unicycle">Electric unicycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Robotic_fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic fin">Robotic fins</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Robotic_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic navigation">Navigation</a> and <a href="Robotic_mapping" title="Robotic mapping">mapping</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Motion_planning" title="Motion planning">Motion planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Simultaneous_localization_and_mapping" title="Simultaneous localization and mapping">Simultaneous localization and mapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_odometry" title="Visual odometry">Visual odometry</a></li>

<li><a href="Vision-guided_robot_systems" title="Vision-guided robot systems">Vision-guided robot systems</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Evolutionary_robotics" title="Evolutionary robotics">Evolutionary</a></li>

<li><a href="Robotics_simulator" title="Robotics simulator">Simulator</a></li>

<li><a href="Robotics_suite" title="Robotics suite">Suite</a></li>

<li><a href="Robot_software" title="Robot software">Software</a></li>

<li><a href="Adaptable_robotics" title="Adaptable robotics">Adaptable</a></li>

<li><a href="Developmental_robotics" title="Developmental robotics">Developmental</a></li>

<li><a href="Human%E2%80%93robot_interaction" title="Human–robot interaction">Human–robot interaction</a></li>

<li><a href="Robotic_paradigm" title="Robotic paradigm">Paradigms</a></li>

<li><a href="Perceptual_robotics" title="Perceptual robotics">Perceptual</a></li>

<li><a href="Situated_robotics" title="Situated robotics">Situated</a></li>

<li><a href="Ubiquitous_robot" title="Ubiquitous robot">Ubiquitous</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_robotics_companies" title="List of robotics companies">Companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Amazon_Robotics" title="Amazon Robotics">Amazon Robotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Anybots" title="Anybots">Anybots</a></li>

<li><a href="Barrett_Technology" title="Barrett Technology">Barrett Technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Boston_Dynamics" title="Boston Dynamics">Boston Dynamics</a></li>

<li><a href="Doosan_Robotics" title="Doosan Robotics">Doosan Robotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Energid_Technologies" title="Energid Technologies">Energid Technologies</a></li>

<li><a href="FarmWise" title="FarmWise">FarmWise</a></li>

<li><a href="FANUC" title="FANUC">FANUC</a></li>

<li><a href="Figure_AI" title="Figure AI">Figure AI</a></li>

<li><a href="Foster-Miller" title="Foster-Miller">Foster-Miller</a></li>

<li><a href="Harvest_Automation" title="Harvest Automation">Harvest Automation</a></li>

<li><a href="HD_Hyundai_Robotics" title="HD Hyundai Robotics">HD Hyundai Robotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Honeybee_Robotics" title="Honeybee Robotics">Honeybee Robotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Intuitive_Surgical" title="Intuitive Surgical">Intuitive Surgical</a></li>

<li><a href="IRobot" title="IRobot">IRobot</a></li>

<li><a href="Rainbow_Robotics" title="Rainbow Robotics">Rainbow Robotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Starship_Technologies" title="Starship Technologies">Starship Technologies</a></li>

<li><a href="Symbotic" title="Symbotic">Symbotic</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_Robotics" title="Universal Robotics">Universal Robotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Wolf_Robotics" title="Wolf Robotics">Wolf Robotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Yaskawa_Electric_Corporation" title="Yaskawa Electric Corporation">Yaskawa</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li>

<li><a href="Powered_exoskeleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Powered exoskeleton">Powered exoskeleton</a></li>

<li><a href="Workplace_robotics_safety" title="Workplace robotics safety">Workplace robotics safety</a>

<ul><li><a href="Robotic_tech_vest" title="Robotic tech vest">Robotic tech vest</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></li>

<li><a href="Terrainability" title="Terrainability">Terrainability</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_fictional_robots_and_androids" title="List of fictional robots and androids">Fictional robots</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"></span></span> <b><a href="Outline_of_robotics" title="Outline of robotics">Outline</a></b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_culture_and_open_content148" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Free_culture_and_open_content148" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free culture</a> and <a href="Free_content" title="Free content">open content</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts and<br>practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">Commons-based peer production</a></li>

<li><a href="Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">Crowdsourcing</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li>

<li><a href="Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre"><i>Gratis</i> versus <i>libre</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Open_collaboration" title="Open collaboration">Open collaboration</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_source" title="Open source">Open source</a></li>

<li><a href="Openness" title="Openness">Openness</a></li>

<li><a href="Participatory_culture" title="Participatory culture">Participatory culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharism" title="Sharism">Sharism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Research and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Citizen_science" title="Citizen science">Citizen science</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_science" title="Open science">Open science</a>

<ul><li><a href="Open_access" title="Open access">Access</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-notebook_science" title="Open-notebook science">Notebook science</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_research" title="Open research">Research</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_science_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Open science data">Science data</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Data, information,<br>and knowledge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Free_content" title="Free content">Free content</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_commons" title="Knowledge commons">Knowledge commons</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_communication" title="Open communication">Open communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_knowledge" title="Open knowledge">Open knowledge</a>

<ul><li><a href="Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Content</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Communication<br>and learning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Collaborative_writing" title="Collaborative writing">Collaborative writing</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_media" title="Democratic media">Democratic media</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_publishing" title="Open publishing">Open publishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Participatory_media" title="Participatory media">Participatory media</a></li>

<li><a href="Peer_review" title="Peer review">Peer review</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Open_education" title="Open education">Open education</a>

<ul><li><a href="Open_educational_resources" title="Open educational resources">educational resources</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_admissions" title="Open admissions">admissions</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-door_academic_policy" title="Open-door academic policy">open-door policy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_open_universities" title="List of open universities">List of open universities</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Journalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Citizen_media" title="Citizen media">Citizen media</a>

<ul><li><a href="Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen journalism</a> and <a href="Wiki_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiki journalism">Wiki journalism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_journalism" title="Open-source journalism">Open-source journalism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a> (FOSS)

<ul><li><a href="Free_software" title="Free software">Free/libre software</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">Open-design movement</a>

<li><a href="Open_gaming" title="Open gaming">Open gaming</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_architecture" title="Open-source architecture">Open-source architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Economic principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_innovation" title="Open innovation">Open innovation</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_patent" class="mw-redirect" title="Open patent">Open patent</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_standard" title="Open standard">Open standard</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Politics and governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Open_government" title="Open government">Open government</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_governance" title="Open-source governance">Open-source governance</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_information_laws_by_country" title="Freedom of information laws by country">Freedom of information laws by country</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Architecture_Network" title="Open Architecture Network">Open Architecture Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Energy_Modelling_Initiative" title="Open Energy Modelling Initiative">Openmod Initiative</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Knowledge_Foundation" title="Open Knowledge Foundation">Open Knowledge Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Rights_Group" title="Open Rights Group">Open Rights Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">Open Source Initiative</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Web_Foundation" title="Open Web Foundation">Open Web Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Scholarly_Publishing_and_Academic_Resources_Coalition" title="Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition">SPARC</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexandra_Elbakyan" title="Alexandra Elbakyan">Alexandra Elbakyan</a></li>

<li><a href="Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Murray-Rust" title="Peter Murray-Rust">Peter Murray-Rust</a></li>

<li><a href="Douglas_Rushkoff" title="Douglas Rushkoff">Douglas Rushkoff</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Suber" title="Peter Suber">Peter Suber</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Sunde" title="Peter Sunde">Peter Sunde</a></li>

<li><a href="Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Wilbanks" title="John Wilbanks">John Wilbanks</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects and<br>movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anna's_Archive" title="Anna's Archive">Anna's Archive</a></li>

<li><a href="Do-it-yourself_biology" title="Do-it-yourself biology">DIYbio</a></li>

<li><a href="Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free-culture movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_Genesis" title="Library Genesis">Library Genesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_science" title="Open science">Open science movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Source_Ecology" title="Open Source Ecology">Open Source Ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_software_movement" title="Open-source software movement">Open-source software movement</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenCores" title="OpenCores">OpenCores</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenWetWare" title="OpenWetWare">OpenWetWare</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Anarchist_Library" title="The Anarchist Library">The Anarchist Library</a></li>

<li><a href="Z-Library" title="Z-Library">Z-Library</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tools5" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Free_software_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software license">Licenses</a>

<ul><li><a href="Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons</a></li>

<li>Definition docs

<ul><li><a href="Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Free Cultural Works</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">Free Software</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">Open Source</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Open_Data_Indices" title="Open Data Indices">Open Data Indices</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_educational_resources" title="Open educational resources">Open educational resources</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_music_model" title="Open music model">Open music model</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Web" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Web">Open Web movement</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-26" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Open-source_robotics&oldid=1302608892">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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